Impact of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Muscle Mass Reduction on the 7th Postoperative Day

Ischemic heart failure is a chronic and degenerative disease with high morbidity and mortality in the world. Coronary artery bypass grafting is indicated as elective treatment and may cause a catabolic state that depletes energy reserves. Data on body composition evaluation in the postoperative period of major cardiac surgery are limited. Objective: To evaluate the influence of elective coronary artery bypass grafting on body composition on the seventh postoperative day of patients with ischemic heart failure. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which eighteen volunteers with New York Heart Association Class II and III heart failure underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The energy and protein reserves of the participants were evaluated by anthropometry in the preoperative and on the seventh postoperative day. Paired t-Test or Mann-Whitney test was used if applicable. A significance level was considered at p value < 0.05. Results: A significant loss of muscle mass was observed through the reduction of arm muscle circumference after surgery (4.2%, p 0.007). Major surgery causes hypermetabolic state and systemic inflammatory stimulus, due to the release of hormones and cytokines that may justify the observed loss of muscle mass. Conclusion: Coronary artery bypass grafting had an impact on muscle mass reduction seven days after surgery in patients with ischemic heart failure

The Influence of Comorbid Conditions on Graft Stenosis in Patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Operation / A influência das condições comórbidas na estenose do enxerto em pacientes com coronariopatia Operação de enxerto de artéria

The primary goal of coronary artery bypass grafting is to achieve complete revascularization with grafts that will remain patent throughout the patient's lifetime. This study investigated the association between bypass graft patency and comorbidity burden determined by Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) among patients with previous bypass operation who underwent a control angiography. One-hundred and two patients who had undergone CABG in the past were included to the study. Critical stenosis was defined as 50% or greater coronary luminal obstruction of any coronary vessel or its lateral branch. Patients were divided into 2 groups group 1; critical graft stenosis; (54 pts; 41M, mean age 66.5 ± 7.8 years), group 2; graft patent (48 pts; 31M, mean age; 65.9 ± 8.2 years). Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and modified CCI scores were used for detecting comorbidities. The comparison of continuous variables between the control and critical CAD groups was performed by the independent sample test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The two groups were statistically similar with respect to demographic properties, time since bypass operation, cardiovascular risk factors, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, medications used, complete blood counts parameters, and lipid profiles. CCI was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (7.14 ± 2.02 vs4.72 ± 1.58; p < 0.001). Modified CCI scores were also higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (6.14 ± 2.02 vs 3.73 ± 1.60; p < 0.001). Graft occlusion was more common among patients with a high comorbidity burden. CCI scoring system may be helpful for determining patients at increased risk at both the preoperative and postoperative periods

Características epidemiológicas e preditores de mortalidade em pacientes maiores de 70 anos submetidos à revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica / Epidemiological characteristics and mortality predictors in patients over 70 years submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting

Fundamento: A doença arterial coronariana é a principal causa de morte no mundo, e a idade é fator de risco independente de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à revascularização cirúrgica. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores preditores de risco de óbito em pacientes submetidos à revascularização miocárdica com mais de 70 anos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de banco de dados de cirurgia cardíaca. Foi utilizada a regressão logística para avaliar os preditores independentes de óbito. Resultados: Foram 372 pacientes submetidos à revascularização cirúrgica de 2004 a 2012. O principal fator de risco cardiovascular foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, seguida do diabetes melito. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 19,35%. A presença de doença vascular periférica (OR: 2,47), cirurgia de emergência (OR: 4,86) e procedimento valvular combinado (OR: 3,86) foram os preditores independentes de óbito. Conclusão: O procedimento cirúrgico em pacientes idosos apresentou mortalidade maior que da população geral. Doença vascular periférica, cirurgia de emergência e procedimento valvular combinado aumentaram o risco de óbito nesses pacientes

Background: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with age being an independent risk factor for mortality in patients submitted to surgical revascularization. Objective: To evaluate the mortality risk predictors in patients older than 70 years submitted to myocardial revascularization. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of a cardiac surgery database. Logistic regression was used to assess independent death predictors. Results: A total of 372 patients submitted to surgical revascularization from 2004 to 2012 were assessed. The main cardiovascular risk factor was hypertension, followed by diabetes mellitus. Mortality at 30 days was 19.35%. The presence of peripheral vascular disease (OR: 2,47), emergency surgery (OR: 4,86) and combined valve procedure (OR: 3,86) were independent predictors of death. Conclusion: The surgical procedure in elderly patients showed a higher mortality than in the general population. Peripheral vascular disease, emergency surgery and combined valve procedures increased the risk of death in these patients

Application of circular patch plasty (dor procedure) or linear repair techniques in the treatment of left ventricular aneurysms

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate early clinical outcomes and echocardiographic measurements of the left ventricle in patients who underwent left ventricular aneurysm repair using two different techniques associated to myocardial revascularization. Methods: Eighty-nine patients (74 males, 15 females; mean age 58±8.4 years; range: 41 to 80 years) underwent post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm repair and myocardial revascularization performed between 1996 and 2016. Ventricular reconstruction was performed using endoventricular circular patch plasty (Dor procedure) (n=48; group A) or linear repair technique (n=41; group B). Results: Multi-vessel disease in 55 (61.7%) and isolated left anterior descending (LAD) disease in 34 (38.2%) patients were identified. Five (5.6%) patients underwent aneurysmectomy alone, while the remaining 84 (94.3%) patients had aneurysmectomy with bypass. The mean number of grafts per patient was 2.1±1.2 with the Dor procedure and 2.9±1.3 with the linear repair technique. In-hospital mortality occurred in 4.1% and 7.3% in group A and group B, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of our study demonstrate that post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm repair can be performed with both techniques with acceptable surgical risk and with satisfactory hemodynamic improvement.

Impact of myocardial revascularization method on smoking cessation: coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Introduction: Smoking is a serious public health issue, being a precursor of heart disease and a predictor of sudden death due to myocardial ischemia. Major events in the patient's health can lead to radical changes in habits and the choice for different myocardial revascularization methods might differently impact smoking cessation and relapse. Objective: To study the rate and perpetuation of smoking cessation after myocardial revascularization comparing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Smokers submitted to myocardial revascularization were divided into CABG and PCI groups. The research was conducted through interviews at the Hospital Santa Lucinda outpatient clinic. Patients with smoking cessation longer than 90 days before hospital admission, combined procedures, hospital readmission before 360 days after discharge, cases of death at any time, and emergency procedures were excluded from the study. The start of the smoking cessation period was determined as just after hospital discharge, with a follow-up of 12 months. Results: The proportion of patients reporting smoking relapse was significantly lower in the CABG than in the PCI group at 30 (11.1% vs. 20.8%; P=0.039) and at 180 days (23.1% vs. 41.5%; P=0.002), but no differences were observed between the two groups at 360 days after hospital discharge (51.9% vs. 54.1%; P=0.719). High levels of nicotine dependence and passive smoking showed to be important predictors of smoking relapse in the long-term. Conclusion: The occurrence of a major surgical procedure seems to have beneficial psychological effects, representing an interesting setting for smoking cessation counseling to have higher chances of success.

Caso Clínico: Revascularización sin Circulación Extracorpórea en un Paciente con Enfermedad Isquémica Trivascular / Case Report: Myocardial Revascularization without Extracorporeal Circulation in a Pacient with Trivascular Myocardial Ischemia.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad isquémica trivascular, llamada así por afectar las arterias descendente anterior, coronaria derecha y circunfleja, tiene una prevalencia entre 1 % y 3.6 % diagnosticada por angiografía; su tratamiento es la revascularización coronaria. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente masculino de 63 años de edad con antecedentes de trasplante hepático, uso de inmunosupresores, enfermedad renal crónica estadio 5 e infarto agudo de miocardio por 2 ocasiones; es diagnosticado con enfermedad isquémica trivascular. EVOLUCIÓN: Luego del diagnóstico se decidió realizar revascularización coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea, ésta reduce el trauma del músculo cardíaco y órganos blandos. La recuperación es rápida y disminuye la estadía hospitalaria, reduce el riesgo de sangrado, accidente cerebrovascular y fallo renal. CONCLUSIÓN: El pronóstico de un paciente con enfermedad trivascular es malo, con una supervivencia del 3 % sin tratamiento, luego de la revascularización la tasa de mortalidad es baja con un adecuado seguimiento.(au)

BACKGROUND: Trivascular myocardial ischemia, under that name due of the affectation of anterior descending, right coronary and circumflex arteries, has a prevalence between 1 % and 3.6 % diagnosed by angiography and must be treated with coronary revascularization. CASE REPORT: A 63-years old male patient with liver transplantation, use of immunosuppressants, end-stage kidney disease and two myocardial infarctions precedents was diagnosed with trivascular myocardial ischemia. EVOLUTION: After diagnosis, a coronary artery bypass without extracorporeal circulation was planned. It reduces heart muscle and soft organs injury and also provides an early recovery and decreases hospital stay, it reduces risk of bleeding, stroke and kidney failure. CONCLUSION: The patients with trivascular disease have a poor prognosis with a 3 % survival rate 3 % without treatment, the mortality rate after revascularization is low with an adequate follow-up.(au)

Fatores Lipídicos de Risco Cardiovascular e Taxa de Eventos Cardiovasculares após Revascularização Miocárdica / Cardiovascular Lipid Risk Factors and Rate of Cardiovascular Events After Myocardial Revascularization

Fundamentos: A doença arterial coronariana é um problema de saúde pública, e principal causa de morte prematura na Europa e no mundo. Há evidência epidemiológica de que o controle dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares após a revascularização do miocárdio encontra-se ainda abaixo do desejável.Objetivo: Analisar a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes em tratamento para prevenção secundária após revascularização do miocárdio. Método: Estudo unicêntrico com pacientes com doença coronariana consecutivos, identificados retrospectivamente. O estudo foi conduzido no Instituto de Doenças Cardiovasculares em Timisoara, Romênia. Os pacientes com diagnóstico de revascularização por doença arterial coronariana (intervenção coronária percutânea, ICP ou ponte de artéria coronária, CABG) foram incluídos, seguindo-se os critérios de inclusão do estudo EUROASPIRE IV. Os dados foram analisados em três momentos ­ T0, quando a revascularização do miocárdio foi realizada; T1 (entrevista com pacientes submetidos à revascularização há mais de 6 meses e menos de 5 anos); e T2 (entrevista com pacientes submetidos à revascularização há mais de 5 anos). Resultados: Dos 375 pacientes com doença coronariana, 341 foram incluídos no estudo. No T1, somente 5% e 34,9% dos pacientes atingiram os níveis desejáveis de LDL-c e não-HDL-c, respectivamente. A taxa de MACE em T2 foi de 7,9% em um tempo de acompanhamento mediano de 4,33 anos. Encontramos uma associação significativa positiva entre taxa de MACE e LDL-c em T1 (p = 0,039). Houve diferenças significativas nos níveis médios de não-HDL-c entre as categorias de MACE em T1 (p = 0,02). Valores médios de não-HDL associaram-se significativamente com a incidência de insuficiência cardíaca (p = 0,007), diabetes com diagnóstico recente (p = 0,017) e taxa de reestenose (p = 0,04). Conclusão: O estudo destaca a necessidade de se controlar fatores de risco relacionados ao perfil lipídico após procedimentos de revascularização do miocárdio, mesmo em longo prazo, a fim de minimizar o risco de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com doenças coronarianas

Background: Coronary heart disease is a public health problem, and the leading cause of premature death in Europe and worldwide. There is epidemiological evidence that the control of cardiovascular risk factors following myocardial revascularization remains suboptimal. Objectives: Analyze the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients receiving secondary prevention therapies after myocardial revascularization. Methods: Single-center study on consecutive coronary patients retrospectively identified, conducted at the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases in Timisoara, Romania. Patients with diagnosis of revascularization for coronary artery disease (percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG) were included, following the inclusion criteria of the EuroAspire IV study. Outcome measures were assessed at three time points­ at T0, when myocardial revascularization was performed; at T1 (interview with patients who had undergone revascularization for more than 6 months and less than 5 years), and T2 (interview with patients who had undergone revascularization for more than 5 years). Associations of primary and secondary lipid targets with the rates of adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were assessed at T2. Results: Of 375 coronary patients, 341 were included in the study. At T1, 5% and 34.9% of patients reached the LDL-c and non-HDL-c target respectively. MACE rate at T2 was 7.9% in a median of 4.33 years of follow-up. We found a positive, statically significant association between MACE rate and LDL-c at T1 (p = 0.039). There were significant differences in mean non-HDLc levels between MACE categories at T1 (p = 0.02). There was a significant association between mean non-HDL with the incidence of heart failure (p = 0.007), newly diagnosed diabetes (p = 0.017) and restenosis rate (p = 0.004). Conclusion: The study highlights the need to control lipid risk factors after myocardial revascularization procedures, even at long-term, to minimize the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary diseases

Complete Treatment Versus Residual Lesion - Long-Term Evolution After Acute Coronary Syndrome / Tratamento Completo Versus Lesão Residual - Evolução a Longo Prazo Após Síndrome Coronariana Aguda

Abstract Introduction: A recently published study raised doubts about the need for percutaneous treatment of nonculprit lesions in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Methods: Retrospective, unicentric, observational study. Objective: To analyze the long-term outcomes in patients undergoing treatment of the culprit artery, comparing those who remained with significant residual lesions in nonculprit arteries (group I) versus those without residual lesions in other coronary artery beds (group II). The study included 580 patients (284 in group I and 296 in group II) between May 2010 and May 2013. We obtained demographic and clinical data, as well as information regarding the coronary treatment administered to the patients. In the statistical analysis, the primary outcome included combined events (reinfarction/angina, death, heart failure, and need for reintervention). The comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square test and ANOVA. The long-term analysis was conducted with the Kaplan-Meier method, with a mean follow-up of 9.86 months. Results: The mean ages were 63 years in group I and 62 years in group II. On long-term follow-up, there was no significant difference in combined events in groups I and II (31.9% versus 35.6%, respectively, p = 0.76). Conclusion: The strategy of treating the culprit artery alone seems safe. In this study, no long-term differences in combined endpoints were observed between patients who remained with significant lesions compared with those without other obstructions.

Resumo Fundamento: Um estudo publicado recentemente levantou dúvidas sobre a necessidade de abordagem percutânea de lesões não culpadas em pacientes com síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, unicêntrico e observacional. Objetivo: Comparar desfechos a longo prazo entre pacientes submetidos à abordagem da artéria culpada, comparando os que permaneceram com lesões residuais significativas em artérias não culpadas (grupo I) versus aqueles sem lesões residuais em outros leitos coronarianos (grupo II). Foram incluídos 580 pacientes (284 no grupo I e 296 no grupo II) entre maio de 2010 e maio de 2013. Foram obtidos dados demográficos e clínicos, além de informações sobre o tratamento coronariano administrado aos pacientes. Na análise estatística, o desfecho primário incluiu eventos combinados (reinfarto/angina, morte, insuficiência cardíaca e necessidade de reintervenção). A comparação entre grupos foi realizada através do teste do qui-quadrado e ANOVA. A análise a longo prazo foi realizada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, com seguimento médio de 9,86 meses. Resultados: As médias das idades foram de 63 anos no grupo I e 62 anos no grupo II. O seguimento a longo prazo não mostrou diferença significativa em eventos combinados nos grupos I e II (31,9% versus 35,6%, respectivamente, p = 0,76). Conclusão: A estratégia de tratar somente a artéria considerada culpada parece segura. Neste estudo, não houve diferenças a longo prazo em desfechos combinados entre pacientes que permaneceram com lesões significativas comparativamente àqueles sem outras obstruções.

Analysis of the Use of Extracorporeal Circulation on the In-Hospital Outcomes of Dialytic Patients Who Underwent Myocardial Revascularization Surgery / Análise do Uso da Circulação Extracorpórea na Evolução Intra-Hospitalar de Pacientes Dialíticos Submetidos à Revascularização Cirúrgica do Miocárdio

Abstract Background: Myocardial revascularization surgery is the best treatment for dyalitic patients with multivessel coronary disease. However, the procedure still has high morbidity and mortality. The use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) can have a negative impact on the in-hospital outcomes of these patients. Objectives: To evaluate the differences between the techniques with ECC and without ECC during the in-hospital course of dialytic patients who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization. Methods: Unicentric study on 102 consecutive, unselected dialytic patients, who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery in a tertiary university hospital from 2007 to 2014. Results: Sixty-three patients underwent surgery with ECC and 39 without ECC. A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was found in both groups, without statistically significant difference between them. The group "without ECC" had greater number of revascularizations (2.4 vs. 1.7; p <0.0001) and increased need for blood components (77.7% vs. 25.6%; p <0.0001) and inotropic support (82.5% vs 35.8%; p <0.0001). In the postoperative course, the group "without ECC" required less vasoactive drugs, (61.5% vs. 82.5%; p = 0.0340) and shorter time of mechanical ventilation (13.0 hours vs. 36,3 hours, p = 0.0217), had higher extubation rates in the operating room (58.9% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.0006), lower infection rates (7.6% vs. 28.5%; p = 0.0120), and shorter ICU stay (5.2 days vs. 8.1 days; p = 0.0054) as compared with the group with ECC surgery. No difference in mortality was found between the groups. Conclusion: Myocardial revascularization with ECC in patients on dialysis resulted in higher morbidity in the perioperative period in comparison with the procedure without ECC, with no difference in mortality though.

Resumo Fundamento: A revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio é o melhor tratamento para o paciente dialítico com doença coronariana multiarterial. Contudo, o procedimento ainda apresenta elevada morbimortalidade. O uso da circulação extracorpórea (CEC) pode impactar de maneira negativa na evolução intra-hospitalar desses pacientes. Objetivos: Avaliar a diferença entre as técnicas com ou sem CEC na evolução intra-hospitalar de pacientes dialíticos submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Métodos: Estudo unicêntrico de 102 pacientes dialíticos consecutivos e não selecionados, submetidos à revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio em um hospital terciário universitário no período de 2007 a 2014. Resultados: 63 pacientes foram operados com CEC e 39 sem o uso de CEC. Foi observada alta prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em ambos grupos, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre eles. O grupo "com CEC" apresentou maior número de coronárias revascularizadas (2,4 vs 1,7; p <0,0001), maior necessidade de hemocomponentes (77,7% vs 25,6%; p <0,0001) e apoio inotrópico (82,5% vs 35,8%; p <0,0001). Na evolução pós-operatória, o grupo "sem CEC" apresentou menor necessidade de drogas vasoativas (61,5% vs 82,5%; p = 0,0340), maior taxa de extubação em sala cirúrgica (58,9% vs 23,8%, p = 0,0006), menor tempo de ventilação mecânica (13,0 horas vs 36,3 horas, p = 0,0217), menor taxa de infecções (7,6% vs 28,5%; p = 0,0120) e menor tempo de internação em UTI (5,2 dias vs 8,1 dias; p = 0,0054) em comparação ao grupo "com CEC". Não houve diferença de mortalidade entre os grupos. Conclusão: O uso da CEC na revascularização do miocárdio em pacientes dialíticos resultou em maior morbidade no período perioperatório em comparação ao procedimento realizado sem CEC, contudo, sem diferença de mortalidade.

Desfechos Clínicos da Intervenção Percutânea na Doença Triarterial e de Tronco da Coronária Esquerda / Clinical Outcomes of Percutaneous Intervention in Triple-Vessel and Left Main Coronary Artery Diseases

Fundamentos: A revascularização do miocárdio na doença triarterial e de tronco da coronária esquerda (TCE) pode ser realizada por intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) ou cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). O estudo SYNTAX demonstrou resultados clínicos equivalentes em pacientes de baixa a moderada complexidade anatômica submetidos a CRM ou ICP. Objetivos: Avaliar a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares e taxa de nova revascularização coronariana em pacientes com lesão de TCE e triarterial submetidos à ICP. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional não randomizado que avaliou pacientes com doença coronariana triarterial ou de TCE submetidos à ICP com stent farmacológico no período de junho de 2013 a maio de 2015 no Hospital SOS Cardio de Florianópolis. Foram relatados dados basais, características anatômicas principais e desfechos clínicos durante a fase intra-hospitalar e durante seguimento de 12 meses. Resultados: Foram avaliados 46 pacientes com idade média de 69,9 anos. No momento basal, 39,1% apresentavam diabetes mellitus, 19,6% eram tabagistas, 78,3% eram dislipidêmicos, 10,9% apresentavam disfunção renal crônica e 15,2% disfunção ventricular moderada a severa. Quanto ao número de artérias acometidas, 24% eram triarteriais e 76% apresentavam lesão em TCE. Durante o período intra-hospitalar, ocorreu uma taxa de 4,34% de infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnível de ST. Durante esse período, não foi necessária reintervenção e não ocorreram óbitos. No seguimento de 12 meses, a mortalidade por causa cardiovascular foi de 4,35%. A taxa de nova revascularização por CRM foi de 4,3% e por angioplastia foi de 2,2%. Conclusão: Ocorreram baixas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares, indicando que a ICP pode ser uma alternativa aceitável em casos selecionados

Background: Myocardial revascularization in triple-vessel and left main coronary artery (LMCA) diseases can be performed by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The SYNTAX trial demonstrated equivalent clinical results in patients with low to moderate anatomical complexity undergoing CABG or PCI. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of cardiovascular events and rates of new myocardial revascularization in patients with LMCA and triple-vessel lesions undergoing PCI. Methods: Nonrandomized, observational cohort study that evaluated patients with triple-vessel or LMCA diseases undergoing PCI with drug-eluting stent in the period from June 2013 to May 2015 at the Hospital SOS Cardio in Florianópolis. Baseline data, main anatomical features, and clinical outcomes were reported during the in-hospital phase and during a 12-month follow-up. Results: In total, 46 patients with a mean age of 69.9 years were evaluated. At baseline, 39.1% had diabetes mellitus, 19.6% were smokers, 78.3% had dyslipidemia, 10.9% had chronic renal dysfunction, and 15.2% had moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction. As regards the number of arteries affected, 24% had triple-vessel disease and 76% had lesions in the LMCA. During the in-hospital period, there was a 4.34% rate of acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation. During this period, reintervention was not required and no deaths occurred. In the 12-month follow-up, mortality from cardiovascular causes was 4.35%. The rate of new revascularization was 4.3% by CABG and 2.2% by angioplasty. Conclusion: The rates of cardiovascular events were low, indicating that PCI may be an acceptable alternative in selected cases

Eficacia y seguridad de trimetazidina 35mg en pacientes adultos con cardiopatia isquemica refractaria y no tributarios a revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica / Efficacy and safety of trimetazidine 35mg in adult patients with refractory ischemic heart disease and non-tributary to percutaneous or surgical myocardial revascularization

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología sanitaria acerca de la eficacia y seguridad del medicamento Trimetazidina 35mg para el tratamiento de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica refractaria y no tributarios a revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Aspectos Generales: La angina pectoris estable es un síndrome clínico de dolor, presión o molestia temporal en el pecho pudiéndose extender a la mandíbula, hombro, espalda o brazo. Es la manifestación clínica más común de la cardiopatía isquémica, la cual es la principal causa de muerte en los Estados Unidos. Los factores pronósticos más importantes de la angina pectoris son la función sistólica ventricular y clase funcional además de co-morbilidades como la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad vascular periférica. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: El medicamento Trimetazidina (Vastarel®, Laboratorios Servier) es un anti-angínico, inhibidor parcial de la oxidación de ácidos grasos, con fórmula química Trimetazidina-1-(2,3,4 trimetoxi benzil)-piperazina dihidroclorido, que inhibe la enzima [3-Ketoacil-CoA tiolasa, la cual forma parte del proceso de oxidación de ácidos grasos en las células. METODOLOGIA: Estrategia de Busqueda: Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ 35mg en pacientes con angina estable sintomática severa que han recibido terapia óptima con nitratos, calcio - antagonistas y beta bloqueadores en dosis máximas tolerables y no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Para la búsqueda primaria se revisó la información disponible por entes reguladoras y normativas como la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA), la EMA y la DIGEMID. Posteriormente se buscaron Guías de Práctica Clínica a través de los metabuscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE), National Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline), The National Guideline of Clearinghouse, y Health Systems Evidence. Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The Cochrane Library, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), que a su vez fue complementada con una búsqueda en www.clinicaltrials.gov, para identificar estudios primarios en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados aún. RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda bibliográfica se encontró evidencia que sustenta la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ 35mg en pacientes con angina estable sintomática severa que han recibido terapia óptima con nitratos, calcio ­ antagonistas y beta bloqueadores a dosis máximas tolerables y no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se encontró evidencia acerca de la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ 35mg en pacientes con angina estable sintomática severa que han recibido terapia óptima con nitratos, calcio - antagonistas y beta bloqueadores a dosis máximas tolerables y no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria se ha encontrado evidencia acerca de la eficacia y seguridad de TMZ en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica refractaria y que no son tributarios de ser beneficiarios mediante revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. Los resultados de las revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados evidencian que TMZ no ha demostrado ser superior a otros agentes anti-angínicos como monoterapia de primera línea. Sin embargo, se encontraron resultados de eficacia muy limitada para el tratamiento con TMZ como medicamento concomitante a otras terapias óptimas como beta-bloqueadores, calcio-antagonistas y nitratos en pacientes cuya condición clínica no haya sido controlada adecuadamente por los mismos o que sean intolerantes a ellas. Se encontró que la eficacia mínima de TMZ en terapia combinada, fue evaluada para desenlaces secundarios y no relevantes para la evaluación establecida en el presente Dictamen. No existen en la actualidad estudios que evalúen desenlaces duros y clínicamente importantes desde la perspectiva del paciente. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI, no aprueba el uso de Trimetazidina MR 35mg BID para el tratamiento de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica refractaria y que no son tributarios a revascularización miocárdica percutánea o quirúrgica. El presente Dictamen Preliminar tiene vigencia de dos años a partir de la fecha de su publicación.

Angioplastia no tronco calcificado com suporte biorreabsorvível por limitação para antiagregação / Bioresorbable device implantation in left main in patients with limitation for long-term using of dual

Homem com angina instável e lesão grave, calcificada no tronco de coronária esquerda (TCE). Antecedentes:revascularização e anemia. A intenção de tratamento era angioplastia com stent farmacológico (SF) no TCE.Apresentou hemorragia digestiva e piora da anemia, que foram tratadas. Angina refratária à terapêutica clínica. Devido à limitação para antiagregação foi implantado o dispositivo biorreabsorvível (BVS) no TCE. Este relato discute o uso do BVS em lesão complexa, proporcionando absorção do dispositivo, possibilitando melhor manuseio da antiagregação e o seguimento futuro da obstrução tratada, através de métodos de imagem não invasivos.

Male patient with unstable angina and critical calcified lesion in the left main coronary artery (LMCA). Background: coronary artery bypass grafting and anemia. The intention to treat was angioplasty with drug-eluting stents (DES) in the LMCA. The patientpresented gastrointestinal bleeding and worsening of anemia, which were treated. Angina was refractory to medical therapy. Because of antiplatelet therapy limitation, bioresorbable vascular support (BVS) was implanted in the LMCA. This case report discusses theuse of BVS in complex lesion, enabling absorption of the device and better management of antiplatelet therapy and future follow-up of the obstruction treated using by non-invasive imaging methods.

Fatores predisponentes para revascularização angiográfica incompleta em pacientes com intervenção coronária percutânea de múltiplos vasos / Predisposing factors for incomplete angiographic revascularization in patients with multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention

A revascularização miocárdica anatômica completa está associada a um melhor controle dossintomas anginosos e a menores índices de eventos cardíacos maiores tardios. No entanto, em substancial número de pacientes tratados por meio de intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP), não logramos sua obtenção. Assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar os fatores associados à revascularização miocárdica incompleta (RMI) em casos de ICP multiarterial. Métodos: Estudo de coorte envolvendo 1.049 pacientes revascularizados de forma prospectiva e consecutivapor meio de ICP com tratamento de dois ou mais vasos, entre 2012 e 2014, divididos em dois grupos: RMI(n = 324; 30,9%) e revascularização miocárdica completa (n = 725; 69,1%).Resultados: A RMI foi significativamente associada a faixa etária maior (66,5 anos vs. 64,1 anos; p = 0,003),hipertensão arterial (92,2% vs. 86,0%; p = 0,006), insuficiência renal crônica (36.4% vs. 26.0%; p < 0,001), síndrome coronariana aguda (26,3% vs. 21,0%; p = 0,05), revascularização cirúrgica prévia (16,1% vs. 7,1%;p = 0,001), lesões em enxertos venosos (3,4% vs. 1,0%; p < 0,001) e oclusões crônicas (3,3% vs. 1,4%; p =0,005), bem como a menor acesso a stents farmacológicos (57,8% vs. 64,8%; p = 0,002). Os resultados clínicos hospitalares não diferiram entre os grupos.Conclusões: A RMI ocorreu em cerca de um terço dos casos tratados, tendo sido observada associação significativa, com um perfil clínico de maior risco e com intervenções em lesões alvo comumente associadas com menor sucesso do procedimento. O grau de revascularização não gerou impacto nosresultados clínicos da fase hospitalar...

Complete anatomical myocardial revascularization is associated with better anginacontrol and lower rates of cardiac events. However, in a significant number of patients treated bypercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), complete revascularization is not achieved. Thus, the aimof this study was to evaluate factors associated with incomplete myocardial revascularization (IMR) in multivessel PCI patients. Methods: This was a cohort study involving 1,049 prospectively and consecutively revascularized patients through PCI with treatment of two or more vessels, between 2012 and 2014, divided into two groups: IMR(n = 324; 30.9%) and complete myocardial revascularization (n = 725; 69.1%). Results: IMR was significantly associated with older age (66.5 years vs. 64.1 years; p = 0.003), arterial hypertension (92.2% vs. 86.0%; p = 0.006), chronic renal failure (36.4 % vs. 26.0%; p < 0.001), acute coronary syndrome (26.3% vs. 21.0%; p = 0.05), previous surgical revascularization (16.1% vs. 7.1 %; p = 0.001), saphenous venous graft lesions (3.4% vs. 1.0%, p < 0.001), and chronic occlusions (3.3% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.005), as well as lower access to drug-eluting stents (57.8% vs. 64.8%; p = 0.002). In-hospital clinical outcomes did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: IMR occurred in approximately one-third of treated cases, and a significant association was observed with a higher-risk clinical profile and with target lesion interventions commonly associated with lower procedure success. The degree of revascularization had no impact on in-hospital clinical outcomes...

Comparação entre as vias de acesso femoral e radial em procedimentos coronários invasivos após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Comparison between femoral and radial approach in invasive coronary

Procedimentos coronários invasivos são comuns em pacientes com revascularizaçãomiocárdica cirúrgica prévia. Dados acerca do real papel e das possíveis limitações do acesso radial nesse subgrupo de pacientes são infrequentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a factibilidade e a segurança do acesso radial em pacientes revascularizados cirurgicamente e que foram submetidos a procedimentos coronários invasivos diagnósticos ou terapêuticos subsequentes, comparando-o ao acesso femoral. Métodos: Entre maio de 2008 e novembro de 2014, foram analisados 959 procedimentos, sendo 539 realizados pelo acesso radial e 420 pelo femoral. Todos os operadores estavam familiarizados com ambos os acessos vasculares, cabendo a eles a decisão final sobre a via a ser utilizada. Resultados: A prevalência de insucesso foi de 6,1% vs. 0,5% (p < 0,0001), favorecendo a técnica femoral. As taxas de eventos cardíacos adversos graves (0,4% vs. 0,7%) e de complicações vasculares (1,5% vs. 1,9%)foram baixas, sem diferença entre os grupos. A opção pela técnica radial implicou em maior tempo de fluoroscopia e necessidade de cruzamento entre vias de acesso, principalmente em procedimentos diagnósticos. Conclusões: O acesso radial representou uma opção segura e eficaz para a realização de procedimentos coronários invasivos em pacientes cirurgicamente revascularizados, notadamente para os procedimentos terapêuticos...

Invasive coronary procedures are common in patients with previous coronary artery by-pass graft surgery. Data on the actual role and possible limitations of the radial approach in this subgroup of patients are sparse. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of radial accessin patients surgically revascularized and who under went subsequent invasive diagnostic or therapeutic coronary procedures, comparing it to the femoral access. Methods: Between May 2008 and November 2014, 959 procedures were included; 539 performed by radial access and 420 by femoral access. All operators were familiar with both vascular accesses, and the final decision on the route to be used was left to the operators discretion. Results: The failure rate was 6.1% vs. 0.5% (p < 0.0001), favoring the femoral approach. Major adverse cardiac events (0.4% vs. 0.7%) and vascular complications (1.5% vs. 1.9%) rates were low, with no difference between groups. The choice of the radial approach resulted in greater fluoroscopy time and crossover rate between access routes, especially in diagnostic procedures. Conclusions: The radial approach was a safe and effective option for invasive coronary procedures in post coronary artery bypass graft patients, especially for therapeutic procedures...

Cirugía coronaria exclusiva con dos mamarias en "Y": resultados a corto plazo / Myocardial revascularization using both mammary arteries "in Y": short term results

La cirugía de revascularización mio-cárdica (CRM) exclusiva con arterias mamarias internas en Y (BIMA-Y) podría ofrecer los mejores injertos en términos de durabilidad y menores tasas de eventos adversos en el largo plazo. Objetivo: Analizar los resultados a corto plazo de esta técnica quirúrgica en un hospital universitario chileno. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de los pacientes intervenidos de CRM con técnica de BIMA-Y entre diciembre 2010 a mayo 2014. Se incluyeron 67 pacientes, 59 hombres, con edad media 58,6±8,5 años. Cinco (5) tenían enfermedad de dos vasos y 62 de 3 vasos. El EuroSCORE aditivo fue 2.3 y el logístico 2,18%. Todas las cirugías se realizaron por esternotomía media con circulación extracorpórea. Ambas arterias mamarias internas se disecaron usando técnica esqueletizada. La arteria mamaria interna derecha (RIMA) se seccionó y anastomosó con la arteria mamaria interna izquierda (LIMA). La pared anterior se revascularizó con LIMA y las paredes lateral e inferior con RIMA. El seguimiento se extendió hasta Junio del 2015. Resultados: Se efectuaron 3,8 anastomosis/paciente: 109 LIMA (67 a arteria descendente anterior, 37 a una arteria diagonal y 5 para otros objetivos) y 145 RIMA (64 a una primera arteria marginal, 23 a una segunda marginal y 58 a descendente posterior). La revascularización fue completa en todos los casos Hubo 1 infarto perioperatorio, 6 fibrilaciones auriculares, 1 neumonía, 1 dehiscencia esternal y 5 infecciones superficiales. No hubo mortalidad operatoria ni reoperaciones por sangrado. El seguimiento medio fue 39,3±12,1 meses. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron y hubo 2 reintervenciones. Conclusiones: La técnica BIMA-Y permitió una revascularización completa con una baja tasa de complicaciones y efectos adversos en el corto plazo.

Myocardial revascularization with both mammary arteries in "Y" (Y-BIMA) might lead to longer graft duration and better clinical results. Aim: To analyze short term results of Y-BIMA in a series of patients operated on at a Chilean university hospital. Methods: Patients operated on using Y-BI-MA between December 2010 and May 2014 were analyzed. There were 67 patients (59 males) aged 58.6± 2.3 years old. Five patients had 2 vessel di-sease and 62 patients 3 vessel disease. The additi-ve Euroscore was 2.3 % and the logistic score was 2.18%. All operations were performed through a medial sternotomy using extracorporeal circulation. Both mammary arteries were dissected and skeleto-nized. The RIMA was divided and anastomosed to the LIMA. The anterior myocardial was revascularized through the LIMA while the lateral and inferior walls were revascularized through the RIMA. Results: An average 3.8 anastomosis per patient were performed: 67 LIMA to the LAD, 37 to the diagonal artery, and 5 to other targets (total 109 LIMA); RIMA was used in 145 arteries: 64 to a first marginal, 23 to a second marginal and 58 to a posterior descending artery. Revascularization was complete in all cases. One patient had a postoperative myocardial infarction, 6 developed atrial fibrillation, 1 a pneumonia, 1 a sternal dehiscence and 5 had superficial infections. There was no surgical mortality nor reoperations for bleeding. Patients were followed an average of 39.2±12.1 months. Four patients died and 2 were reoperated on during follow up.

Preoperative therapy restores ventilatory parameters and reduces length of stay in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization / Fisioterapia pré-operatória restabelece parâmetros ventilatórios e reduz tempo de internação após revascularização do miocárdio

Introduction: The frequency of surgical procedures has increased steadily in recent decades, including the myocardial revascularization. Objectives: To demonstrate the importance of physiotherapy in the preoperative period of cardiac surgery in relation to the reduction of hospital stay, changes in lung volumes and respiratory muscle strength. Methods: We conducted a prospective study with patients undergoing myocardial revascularization, the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)/Botucatu - SP. We evaluated 70 patients of both genders, aged between 40 and 75 years, subdivided into two groups: group I - 35 patients of both genders, who received a written protocol guidance, breathing exercises and respiratory muscle training in the preoperative period and group II - 35 patients of both genders, who received only orientation of the ward on the day of surgery. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of UNESP / Botucatu - SP. Results: Maximal inspiratory pressure in third postoperative day and fifth postoperative day and significant difference between groups, being better for the intervention group. Expiratory pressure was significant in fifth postoperative day in the intervention group compared to controls. The difference of length of hospital stay in the postoperative was found between the groups with shorter hospital stay in the group receiving preoperative therapy. Conclusion: Physical therapy plays an important role in the preoperative period, so that individuals in the intervention group more readily restored the parameters evaluated before surgery, in addition, there was a decrease in the time of the postoperative hospital stay. Thus, it is thought the cost-effectiveness of a program of preoperative physiotherapy. .

Introdução: Procedimentos cirúrgicos aumentaram progressivamente nas últimas décadas, inclusive a revascularização do miocárdio(RM). Objetivos: Demonstrar a importância da fisioterapia no préoperatório de cirurgia cardíaca, em relação à redução do tempo de internação hospitalar, alteração de volumes pulmonares e força muscular respiratória. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo clínico prospectivo, com pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio, no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual PaulistaUNESP / Botucatu - SP. Foram avaliados 70 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, com faixa etária entre 40 a 75 anos, randomizados por meio programa computadorizado em dois grupos: Grupo I - 35 pacientes de ambos os sexos, que receberam um protocolo de orientação por escrito, exercícios respiratórios e treinamento muscular respiratório no pré-operatório e Grupo II - 35 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, que receberam apenas orientação de rotina da enfermaria no dia da cirurgia. Trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Estadual PaulistaUNESP / Botucatu - SP. Resultados: A avaliação das pressões inspiratórias máximas evidenciou aumento significativo no terceiro dia pós-operatório e quinto dia pós-operatório para o grupo de intervenção e análise das pressões expiratórias máximas apresentou valores significativos apenas no quinto dia pós-operatório para o grupo intervenção em relação ao grupo controle, observando-se ainda que o grupo submetido ao protocolo de tratamento fisioterapêutico pré-operatório apresentou menor tempo de internação hospitalar. Conclusão: A fisioterapia ...

Estratégia para a decisão terapêutica: medicamentos vs. angioplastia vs. cirurgia / Strategy for therapeutic decision: medical vs. angioplasty vs. surgery

O tratamento da doença coronária crônica visa garantir qualidade de vida e impedir a morte. O tratamento medicamentoso baseado em antiagregantes plaquetários e medidas de prevenção secundária são mandatórios nesses pacientes. Entretanto, alguns pacientes selecionados também se beneficiam de procedimentos de intervenção coronária, seja percutânea (ICP) ou cirúrgica (RM). A decisão pela intervenção e que tipo de intervenção é baseada em análise individualizada, levando-se em conta fatores como grau de angina, função ventricular, carga isquêmica e anatomia coronária. Pacientes com doença coronária multiarterial com disfunção ventricular ou grandes áreas de isquemia geralmente se beneficiam da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, assim como aqueles com obstrução do tronco da coronária esquerda. Em pacientes bi ou triarterial sem diabetes ou disfunção ventricular importante, tanto ICP como RM podem ser indicadas, conforme características individuais. Os procedimentos de revascularização não estão indicados nos portadores de obstruções coronárias não significativas, uni ou biarteriais sem acometimento proximal da artéria descendente anterior, sem isquemia documentada e com função ventricular preservada.

The treatment of chronic coronary disease aims to ensure quality of life and prevent death. Drug treatment based on antiplatelet therapy and secondary prevention measures are mandatory in these patients. However, some selected patients also benefit from coronary intervention procedures, whether percutaneous (PCT) or surgical (CABG). The decision for the intervention and what kind of intervention is based on individual analysis considering factors such as degree of angina, ventricular function, ischemic burden and coronary anatomy. Patients with multi-coronary artery disease with left ventricular dysfunction or large áreas of ischemia usually benefit from coronary artery by-pass grafting, as well as those with obstruction of the left main coronary artery. In two-or three-vessel disease patients without diabetes or severe ventricular dysfunction either PCI or CABG can be indicated according to individual characteristics. Revascularization procedires are not indicated in patients with no significant coronary obstructions, one or two-vesel disease without involvement of proximal left anterior descending artery, without documented ischemia and preserved ventricular function.